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Eliphas Levi
Eliphas Levi, born Alphonse Louis Constant (February 8, 1810 – May 31, 1875), was a French occult author and ceremonial magician.〔Christopher McIntosh, ''Eliphas Lévi and the French Occult Revival'', 1972.〕
"Eliphas Levi," the name under which he published his books, was his attempt to translate or transliterate his given names "Alphonse Louis" into the Hebrew language.
==Early life==
Levi was the son of a shoemaker in Paris; he attended the seminary of Saint Sulpice and began to study to enter the Roman Catholic priesthood. However, while at the seminary he fell in love, and left without being ordained. He wrote a number of minor religious works: ''Des Mœurs et des Doctrines du Rationalisme en France'' ("Of the Moral Customs and Doctrines of Rationalism in France", 1839) was a tract within the cultural stream of the Counter-Enlightenment. ''La Mère de Dieu'' ("The Mother of God", 1844) followed and, after leaving the seminary, two radical tracts, ''L'Evangile du Peuple'' ("The Gospel of the People", 1840) and ''Le Testament de la Liberté'' ("The Testament of Liberty"), published in the year of revolutions, 1848, led to two brief prison sentences. In 1852 Levi met Józef Maria Hoene-Wroński.
His second wife was French sculptor Marie-Noémi Cadiot.
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